token economy
Noun: A token economy is a structured behavioral intervention system, primarily used in therapeutic and institutional settings. Within this system, individuals receive tangible symbols (tokens) as immediate reinforcement for demonstrating specific, desired behaviors. These tokens hold no intrinsic value but function as conditioned reinforcers because they can later be exchanged for a variety of backup reinforcers, which are meaningful rewards or privileges.
This term is used almost exclusively in the fields of psychology, behavior analysis, special education, and institutional management (e.g., psychiatric hospitals, residential facilities, classrooms). It describes a systematic program designed to shape and maintain behavior through positive reinforcement.
- The classroom implemented a token economy where students earned points for completing assignments, which they could trade for extra recess time.
- In the behavioral unit, the token economy was effective in increasing patients' participation in daily living activities.
- The therapist explained that the token economy would provide immediate feedback for positive social interactions.
- As a component of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): A token economy is a fundamental tool in ABA therapy, often used to teach new skills and reduce problematic behaviors by breaking down complex tasks into smaller, reinforceable steps.
- In organizational behavior management: While less common, principles of a token economy can be adapted in workplace settings through point-based reward systems for employee performance.
- Token (n): The physical item (e.g., chip, sticker, point) given as a conditioned reinforcer within the system.
- Backup Reinforcer (n): The actual reward or privilege (e.g., snack, activity, item) for which tokens are exchanged.
- Behavioral Contract (n): A related intervention that specifies a contingent relationship between behaviors and consequences, often formalized in writing.
- Point system
- Behavioral reinforcement system
- Contingency management program
- To earn tokens: To receive tokens as a consequence of a target behavior.
- Participants can earn tokens for each hour of productive work.
- To exchange/cash in tokens: To trade accumulated tokens for a backup reinforcer.
- On Fridays, the students cash in their tokens for prizes from the reward menu.
- a form of behavior therapy that has been used in some mental institutions; patients are rewarded with tokens for appropriate behavior and the tokens may be cashed in for valued rewards